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Overview of Actuator Technologies |
Actuator Type
(specific examples) | Typical
(Max.)
Strain
(%) | Typical
(Max.)
Stress
(MPa) | Typical
(Max.)
Elastic
Energy
Density
(J/cm3) | Typical
(Max.)Avg. Specific Power Density at 1 Hz (W/g) | Peak
Strain
Rate
(%/s) | Elastic
Modulus
(MPa) | Est. Max.
Efficiency
(%) | Typical
(Max.)
Cycle
Life | Typical
Voltage
(V) | Relative
Speed
(full cycle) | NATURAL
MUSCLE | Mammalian
Skeletal Muscle | 20
(40) | 0.
(0.35) | 0.041
(0.08) | 0.041
(0.08) | >50 | 10 - 60 | 20 | (>109) | 0.08 | Medium | ELECTRONIC EAP (DRY) | Dielectric Elastomer | 25
(>300) | 1.0
(7.0) | 0.1
(3.4) | 0.1
(3.4) | >450 | 0.1 - 10 | 60 - 90 | 106
( >107) | > 1000 | Med. - Fast | Electrostrictive Relaxor Ferroelectric Polymers | 3.5
(10) | 20
(45) | 0.3
(>1) | 0.17
(>0.53) | >2000 | 400 - 1200 | 60 - 90 | ? | > 1000 | Fast | Piezoeletric Polymer(PVDF) | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.0024 | 0.0013 | > 1 | 450 | 60 - 90 | >106 | 100 | Fast | Liquid Crystal Elastomers(Thermal) | 19
(45) | 0.12 (0.45) | 0.003 (0.06) | <0.003 | 37 | 0.3 - 4 | <5 | ? | 1 | Slow | IONIC EAP (WET) | Carbon Nanotubes | 0.4
(300) | 1
(27) | 2
(40) | 0.01 (0.27) | 19 | 1000 (10’000) | 0.1 | 140’000 | 1 - 4 | Medium | Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) | 0.5 (3.3) | 3
(15) | (0.006) | 0.004 | 3.3 | 50 - 100 | 1.5 – 3 | >100’000 | 1 - 4 | Med. - Slow | Conducting Polymers | 2
(40) | 5
(200) | 0.1
(1.0) | 0.1
(1.0) | 13.8 | 200 - 3000 | < 20 | 28’000
( >106 ) | 2 - 10 | Med. - Slow | Molecular Actuators | 7
(20) | >1 | 0.1
(>1) | ? | ? | ? | < 10 | >10’000 | <1 | Slow | Mechano-chemical Polymer/Gels | >40 | 0.3 | 0.06 | <0.06 | <1 | 0.001 | 30 | >8’000 | <10 | Slow |
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